International Conference on Exotics, 2005: 25-29. Avian shock, fluids and cardiopulmonary/cerebral resuscitation. Mortality and response to fluid resuscitation after acute blood loss in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynnchos). Lichtenberger M, Orcutt C, DeBehnke D, et al. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co 1997: 839-864. In: Altman R, Clubb S, Dorrestein G, et al (eds): Avian Medicine and Surgery. Avian critical care and emergency medicine. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2000. The most commonly used replacement fluids are 0.9% saline, lactated Ringer’s solution, Normosol-R, or. Replacement fluids have electrolyte concentrations that resemble extracellular fluid, whereas maintenance fluids contain less sodium (40-60 mEq/L) and more potassium (15-30 mEq/L). Crystalloids are fluids containing sodium chloride and other solutes that are capable of distributing to all body fluid compartments. Provide maintenance fluids until the bird is eating on its own by dividing three bolus infusions over 24 hours.Ĭrystalloids, also called replacement fluids, are the mainstay of rehydration and maintenance fluid therapy, and they can be used together with colloids during resuscitation.Add daily maintenance fluid requirements (2 ml/kg/h or 48 ml/kg/day) to the fluid deficit volume. Replacement fluid volume (ml) = estimated dehydration deficit (%) x body weight (kg) x 1000.One to three bolus infusions of crystalloids (10 ml/kg) and colloids (Hetastarch or Oxyglobin at 5 ml/kg) can be given in the same syringe IV or IO until blood pressure exceeds 90 mmHg systolic. When the bird appears stable, perform diagnostics including blood pressure monitoring and further treatment. Most debilitated birds benefit from initial administration of warmed crystalloids at 30 ml/kg given intravenously, intraosseously, or subcutaneously.Colloids, such as Hetastarch, whole blood, or plasma, are frequently indicated during fluid resuscitation to provide sustained intravascular volume expansion. Crystalloids are the mainstay of rehydration and maintenance fluid therapy.Research indicates that birds have a baroreceptor response to shock similar to that seen in mammals.
In mammals with substantial hypovolemia, blood pressure decreases below a mean arterial pressure of 60 mmHg or a systolic pressure of 90 mmHg.
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